Nitric acid is one of the most important industrial chemicals in the world, widely used across various sectors, from fertiliser production to aerospace applications.
Highly corrosive and reactive, this powerful acid plays a crucial role in manufacturing, scientific research, and even environmental processes. But what exactly is nitric acid, and why is it so essential?
The Basics of Nitric Acid
Nitric acid (HNO₃) is a colourless or yellowish liquid with a strong, pungent odour. It is a highly corrosive mineral acid, meaning it can cause severe burns and must be handled with care. When exposed to light or heat, nitric acid decomposes, releasing nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), which gives older samples a yellow or brown hue.
How is Nitric Acid Made?
Most industrial nitric acid is produced via the Ostwald process, which involves the catalytic oxidation of ammonia:
Ammonia (NH₃) is oxidised to form nitric oxide (NO) using a platinum catalyst.
The nitric oxide then reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide (NO₂).
Finally, nitrogen dioxide is absorbed in water to produce nitric acid (HNO₃).
This process ensures a steady and scalable supply of nitric acid for industrial use.
Oxidation of ammonia (NH₃) to nitric oxide (NO):
4NH₃ + 5O₂ → 4NO + 6H₂O (Platinum catalyst)
Oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂):
2NO + O₂ → 2NO₂
Absorption of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in water to form nitric acid (HNO₃):
3NO₂ + H₂O → 2HNO₃ + NO
Key Uses of Nitric Acid
Due to its highly reactive nature, nitric acid is a crucial ingredient in various industries. Here’s where it plays a vital role:
Fertiliser Production
One of the largest uses of nitric acid is in the manufacture of fertilisers. It is a key component in producing ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), a widely used fertiliser that provides essential nitrogen for plant growth.
Metal Processing
Used in etching and pickling metals, nitric acid helps clean and prepare surfaces for further treatment. It is particularly effective in refining and purifying precious metals like gold and silver. When added to hydrochloric acid, nitric acid can also create Aqua Regia — used to dissolve metals like silver and gold.
Aerospace & Rocket Propulsion
In the aerospace industry, nitric acid is used as an oxidiser in rocket propellants. It enables efficient combustion, making it an important component in space exploration and military applications.
Pharmaceuticals & Chemical Synthesis
Nitric acid is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for producing various organic and inorganic compounds. It plays a role in synthesising drugs, dyes, and other fine chemicals.
Environmental & Analytical Applications
In environmental science, nitric acid is used for water treatment and in laboratory testing to analyse metal concentrations in samples. It is also employed in the manufacture of nitrogen-based compounds that help reduce air pollution.
Safety Considerations
Nitric acid’s high reactivity and corrosiveness mean that strict safety precautions are necessary when handling it. Here are some key safety measures:
Protective gear: always wear gloves, goggles, and a lab coat when handling nitric acid.
Ventilation: use in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood to avoid inhaling fumes.
Storage: keep in a cool, dry place away from organic materials and reducing agents.
Neutralisation: in case of spills, neutralise with a base like sodium bicarbonate before disposal.
The Future of Nitric Acid
As industries continue to advance, the demand for nitric acid remains strong. Innovations in green chemistry and sustainable fertiliser production are shaping how nitric acid is used and manufactured, reducing its environmental impact while maintaining its essential role in global industries.
Concentrations
Nitric acid is available in various concentrations, each suited to different industrial applications. At East Harbour Group Ltd, we supply 99% nitric acid, ideal for high-purity applications, 67% nitric acid, commonly used in manufacturing and metal processing, and nitrating acid mixtures containing more than 50% nitric acid, tailored for specialised chemical synthesis. Choosing the right concentration is crucial to ensuring efficiency and safety in your processes.
Final Thoughts
Nitric acid may be a highly reactive and hazardous chemical, but its importance cannot be overstated. From ensuring global food production to enabling scientific breakthroughs, this powerful acid is a cornerstone of modern industry.
Understanding its properties and applications allows for safer handling and more efficient use in various fields. Whether in fertilisers, explosives, or high-tech applications, nitric acid continues to shape the world as we know it.
Are you looking to streamline your supply chain with Nitric Acid from a trusted chemical supply partner? Get in touch with our dedicated team.